Garra rufa

The active use of this fish to alleviate psoriasis symptoms has led to the fact that under the name Garra rufa, not only true representatives of the species are often sold, but also several closely related forms, as well as their hybrids. True Garra rufa grows up to 10–12 cm in length. Its coloration is dark gray, with uneven shades. Young individuals sometimes have a bluish spot visible behind the gill cover. The tips of the dorsal and caudal fins are marked with black spots. The mouth is framed by two pairs of small barbels. Sexual dimorphism is not pronounced: females are generally slightly larger, while males, in turn, are more slender. During the breeding season, males develop tiny tubercles on their heads.

The natural habitat of these fish is Western Asia and the eastern Mediterranean: they are found in Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran, as well as in the Jordan River drainage. They can be found in various bodies of water: from clear, fast-flowing rivers to shallow, sometimes murky, temporarily drying waters. However, due to intensive overfishing in nature, Garra rufa has become endangered.

This is a peaceful and friendly fish that prefers to stay in a group; when alone, it can show aggression. It cohabits well with other calm species of comparable size.

Observing the fish during their “medical procedures” might lead one to mistakenly assume that an empty, water-filled tank is sufficient for them. However, such an environment is far from optimal. Garra rufa are recommended to be kept in spacious aquariums of 250 L or more (for a group of 3–4 individuals), decorated with driftwood and stones, with a sandy substrate. Aquatic vegetation is not a mandatory element. If desired, plants that can attach to wood or stones and do not require planting in the substrate can be used. The key factor is water quality, while hydrochemical parameters do not play such a significant role. The fish adapts well to a wide range of pH and dGH values. It is important to ensure a constant flow of clean, oxygen-rich water and recreate conditions of moderate current.

In natural conditions, the fish feed on what is called “biofilm,” which forms on the surface of submerged driftwood and stones. This biofilm consists of algae and various small invertebrates, such as worms, crustaceans, and larvae. In a home aquarium, the daily diet of Garra rufa should be balanced, including both protein and plant components or a combination thereof in one food. They can consume dry sinking foods, as well as pieces of cucumbers, zucchini, blanched spinach, and other green vegetables.

In natural conditions, reproduction does not occur regularly; it usually takes place from April to November, after prolonged rains. The fish scatter their eggs on the bottom of the reservoir, showing no parental care for the offspring. Information is often conflicting regarding the specifics of breeding these fish in artificial conditions. In any case, to stimulate spawning, it is necessary to simulate changes in external conditions, similar to heavy rainfall, and also to provide a high-protein diet.

In favorable living conditions, cases of disease in Garra rufa are extremely rare. However, environmental degradation, poor nutrition, contact with sick individuals, or injuries can provoke the development of ailments. In most situations, if the root causes are eliminated and the exposure was short-lived, the fish's immune system is capable of coping with the disease on its own. Otherwise, medical intervention may be required.

When choosing individuals, attention should be paid to their activity and the integrity of their skin. Healthy fish should show curiosity, constantly exploring the bottom and decorations in search of food, rather than lethargically staying in the water column or near the surface. Avoid purchasing fish with signs of damage, ulcers, white coating, or unnatural spots on the body. It is important to consider that these fish are schooling, so it is recommended to acquire a group of 5–7 individuals or more to reduce intraspecific aggression and ensure natural behavior. Before purchasing, clarify the conditions of keeping in the store: the fish must be in clean, well-aerated water, as they are extremely sensitive to water quality and the accumulation of nitrogenous compounds.