Poeciliidae

Dusky Millions Fish

Phalloceros caudimaculatus

Girardinus, or Phalloceros caudimaculatus by its scientific name, is a member of the family Poeciliidae. This unpretentious species, easy to keep and breed, does not boast vibrant coloration, but its care will not cause difficulties. It is perfectly suited as a first aquarium fish, being hardy enough to forgive novice aquarists many mistakes in mastering this fascinating hobby.

Tank
from 50 L (13 gal)
Temperature
16 – 22 °C (61 – 72 °F)
Size in aquarium
3 – 7 cm (1.2 – 2.8 in)
Acidity
pH 7–8
Natural rangeRange on the map
  • South America area
  • Argentina
  • Brazil
  • Paraguay
  • Uruguay

Tank conditions

Plan the tank stocking
Temperature
16 – 22 °C (61 – 72 °F)
Water pH
Neutral (7) – Slightly alkaline (8)
Water dH
Soft (5) – Very hard (25)
Water salinity
low (3–5 g/L)
Size in aquarium
3 – 7 cm (1.2 – 2.8 in)
Lifespan
3 years
Temperament
Peaceful, active/mobile
Toward small fish
not a predator
Required aquarium volume
from 50 L (13 gal)
Lighting
moderate (regular)
Substrate
any (no restrictions)
Water flow
none or stagnant (no flow)
Swimming level
near the surface
Feeding
Any (universal)
Keeping
Harem 1 male and several females
Jumping
low
  • Lifespan. A lifespan to expect under good care, not a measured value: it depends heavily on tank volume, water quality and diet — and for selectively bred forms, on their origin as well.
  • Toward small fish. Based on the Predators category in the catalog or the temperament in the species parameters. “A risk to small fish” means the species is not a predator by habit, yet will swallow any fish that fits in its mouth.
  • Required aquarium volume. This is a husbandry recommendation, not a measured value: the volume depends on the keeping mode (harem (1 male and several females)), footprint, decor and tank mates.

Care and keeping

Description

This inconspicuous fish is characterized by its modest size. A distinctive feature is the significant difference in size between the sexes: females can be two or more times larger than males, and their bodies are more rounded and robust. Males, on the other hand, give the impression of graceful creatures. The fins of these fish are small and rounded. As for coloration, there is no dominant tone; various variations can be observed, such as silvery, yellowish, or specimens with a bluish tint. Numerous dark, irregularly shaped spots are randomly distributed over the entire body surface and sometimes on the fins. It is important to add that golden or yellow color variations were obtained through selective breeding and are not found in natural conditions.

Habitat

Originally, this fish comes from the waters of South America, preferring overgrown streams with slow currents, backwaters, and lakes. However, today its wild populations can also be found on other continents. Girardinus were introduced there specifically to combat blood-sucking insects, as they actively feed on mosquito larvae.

Behavior and Compatibility

Girardinus are distinguished by their peaceful and calm disposition. They get along well with other aquarium inhabitants of similar size and temperament. The most harmonious community is usually formed in the company of members of the Poeciliidae family.

Care and Maintenance

This is an unpretentious species that can exist in diverse water conditions, from soft to very hard water, with a wide range of pH values. Any tap water, pre-settled for at least 24 hours, can be used to fill the aquarium. The minimum equipment set includes a filter and a lighting system. If there are enough plants in the aquarium, an aerator can be omitted. The optimal temperature for these fish is within 16–22 °C, but they can withstand short-term fluctuations from 10 to 30 °C. This feature allows them to be kept even without an additional heater. The aquarium decor is at the discretion of the aquarist. The only important condition is the presence of dense thickets of both rooted and floating plants. The recommended minimum tank volume is 50 liters for keeping 3–4 individuals. Weekly maintenance includes partial water changes (10–20% of the total volume). As needed, the substrate should be cleaned of organic waste, such as excrement and food residues, and algae removed from the glass. Behavior Girardinus are a peaceful and calm species. They get along well with other aquarium fish of similar size and temperament. The most harmonious community is usually formed with members of the Poeciliidae family. Breeding/Reproduction Breeding these fish is not difficult and does not require special conditions. In a home aquarium, spawning can occur year-round. Girardinus are live-bearing species, which means fry are born fully formed, without an egg stage. The incubation period takes place in the female's body and lasts 4–6 weeks. It is recommended to move the fry to a separate tank to avoid predation by adult fish.

Diet

Girardinus is an unpretentious and omnivorous fish that readily accepts all types of dry (flakes, granules), frozen, and live foods. It is recommended to choose products with a high protein content. These can include small insects, crustaceans and their larvae, such as mosquito larvae, as well as bloodworms, fruit flies, daphnia, and artemia. Fish should be fed 2–3 times a day, offering an amount of food they can consume in a few minutes. It is advisable to remove any leftover food from the aquarium.

Breeding and Reproduction

Breeding Girardinus is not difficult and does not require special conditions. In home aquariums, spawning can occur at any time of the year. These fish are live-bearing species: fry are born fully formed, bypassing the egg stage. The entire incubation period, lasting 4–6 weeks, takes place within the female's body. It is recommended to move the fry to a separate tank to protect them from possible predation by adult individuals.

Diseases

The species has a strong immune system when proper keeping conditions are met. Fish are sensitive to water quality and may show signs of stress with abrupt changes in its parameters, making them susceptible to bacterial infections and skin parasites. Prevention includes maintaining a stable environment, regular small water changes, and the presence of dense plant thickets that provide shelter. Avoid overpopulation and overfeeding, as the accumulation of organic waste promotes the development of pathogenic microflora.

How to choose

When selecting individuals, attention should be paid to the fish's activity and the cleanliness of their skin: there should be no white film, ulcers, or visible parasites on the body. A healthy Girardinus has clear eyes, tightly clamped fins, and actively reacts to movement near the glass. Avoid specimens with an unnaturally bloated or, conversely, severely sunken abdomen, as well as fish that stay at the water surface or constantly hide in the corner of the aquarium, as this may indicate hidden diseases or chronic stress.

Compatibility

There are no pair reviews for this species yet — check tankmates in the matcher.

All tankmates

Plants and this fish

Matching water does not mean the plant will stay intact.

Frequently asked questions

The essentials: size, tank volume, water parameters and care

How big does Dusky Millions Fish get?

An adult reaches 3–7 cm in length. Plan the tank around the maximum size: the fish quickly outgrows a cramped setup.

What size aquarium does Dusky Millions Fish need?

The recommended volume is 50 L. A smaller tank speeds up nitrate build-up and raises stress levels.

What water parameters does Dusky Millions Fish need?

Temperature 16–22 °C, pH 7–8, hardness 5–25 dGH. Stability matters more than exact values: sudden swings are harder on the fish than a small deviation from the ideal.

How long does Dusky Millions Fish live?

Around 3 years when kept properly. Lifespan depends directly on tank volume, water quality and a varied diet.

Is Dusky Millions Fish aggressive?

Temperament: peaceful, active/mobile. Keep this in mind when choosing tank mates.

How many Dusky Millions Fish should be kept together?

Recommended setup: harem (1 male and several females). Ignoring this is a common cause of stress and disease.

What does Dusky Millions Fish eat?

Diet type: any (universal). Feed small portions that are finished within a couple of minutes — overfeeding does more harm than underfeeding.

What is the scientific name of Dusky Millions Fish?

The scientific name of the species is Phalloceros caudimaculatus, family Poeciliidae. It also appears in the literature as: Girardinus caudimaculatus, Phalloceros caudomaculatus.

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Other scientific names and conservation status

Other scientific names
Girardinus caudimaculatus, Phalloceros caudomaculatus
Conservation status
Least concernLC