Pseudopimelodus bufonius

Adults of this species can grow up to 24–25 cm in length. The fish is characterized by a robust, torpedo-shaped body with a flat, flattened head. Its fins are short, as is its tail. The eyes are small, located closer to the top of the head. The body pattern consists of large brown spots or stripes on a light background with small speckles.

The species inhabits freshwater bodies in the northeastern part of South America. Its range extends from Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela to the eastern regions of Brazil. The fish prefers rivers with moderate currents, living a benthic lifestyle, hiding in natural shelters.

The catfish spends most of the day in hiding, being relatively inactive. It becomes most active at dusk. Territoriality is not characteristic of this species, so it can successfully coexist with both its conspecifics and other large catfishes. The species is peaceful and does not show aggression. However, one should remember its gastronomic preferences: Pseudopimelodus can eat any fish that fits into its mouth. Larger species, such as South American cichlids, dollar fish, armored catfishes, and others, make good tankmates.

For one or two fish, the optimal aquarium volume starts from 250 liters. When decorating, it is necessary to provide a hiding place. A cave or grotto made of intertwined snags or a pile of stones will serve as an excellent shelter. The bottom should preferably be sandy, covered with fallen leaves. The presence of aquatic plants is not mandatory, but species floating on the surface can effectively create the necessary shading. This species is unpretentious, easily adapts to various keeping conditions and a wide range of hydrochemical parameters. Aquarium maintenance is standard: it includes weekly replacement of part of the water with fresh water, removal of accumulated organic waste, and regular equipment checks.

Representatives of this species are omnivorous and readily accept most common aquarium foods, whether dry, frozen, or live. It is advisable to give preference to sinking products. As already mentioned, smaller aquarium inhabitants may also be included in their diet.

There is no information on aquarium breeding. This is a nocturnal bottom-dwelling predator that stays in shelter by day; its reproduction has not been described. No external sexual differences are reported, and the fish reaches the trade as wild-caught stock.

No diseases that affect only this species have been described. Under suitable conditions — clean water, a balanced diet and calm tank mates — health problems usually do not arise. The most common cause of illness is a decline in conditions: it weakens the immune system, and the fish becomes vulnerable to infections that are always present in an aquarium. At the first signs of trouble — lethargy, wasting, refusal of food or clamped fins — check the basic water parameters and the levels of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate first. Restoring acceptable conditions often lets the fish recover on its own. Catfish of this group have naked, scaleless skin and are therefore more sensitive to medication than most aquarium fish. Products based on malachite green and copper should be used with care and at about half the dose stated on the packaging.

When purchasing, choose individuals with clean skin without visible damage, ulcers, or white film. It is important to assess the fish's activity: a healthy Pseudopimelodus should show interest in food and have a robust physique. Avoid specimens with a severely sunken abdomen or signs of emaciation, as this may indicate hidden diseases or problems with adapting to aquarium foods.